The ones that keep you safe

Fire, poison, first aid — the answers you want already in your head

Physics

Why don't birds get electrocuted on power lines?

Electricity only flows when there is a voltage difference across something, and a bird touching one wire has both feet at the same voltage, so there is nothing to push current through it.

5 min read
Food

Why does water make a pan fire worse?

The oil is hotter than boiling water by hundreds of degrees, so the water flashes into steam instantly and blasts the burning oil upward and outward as a fireball.

5 min read
Aviation

Why are airplane windows round?

Sharp corners concentrate stress into a single point, and at cruising altitude a pressurised cabin pushes hard enough on that point to tear the fuselage open.

6 min read
Cars

Why do cars have crumple zones?

Making the ends of the car fold on impact stretches the crash over a longer moment, and a longer moment means a smaller force on the people inside.

5 min read
Cars

Why does braking distance quadruple when you double your speed?

Stopping means getting rid of kinetic energy, and that energy grows with the square of speed — so twice as fast is four times as much energy to shed.

5 min read
Cars

Why do tyres have treads?

Not for grip — a smooth tyre grips a dry road better. The grooves exist to give water somewhere to go, so the tyre can still touch the road in the rain.

5 min read
Engineering

Why do carbon monoxide alarms matter when smoke alarms already exist?

Carbon monoxide has no smell, no colour and no smoke, and it binds to your blood hundreds of times more readily than oxygen — so nothing you can sense tells you it is there.

5 min read
Medicine

Why can a paracetamol overdose be deadly even when you feel fine?

The damage is done by a chemical your liver makes while breaking the drug down, and it destroys liver cells for a day or more before you feel anything at all.

6 min read